Reviewed by Denise Chalkley RN, RM, RHV, BSc, AMFTM RCPS (Glas), Clinical & Operations Director for Travel Medicine (London Travel Clinic)
What Is Meningitis?
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges—the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be life-threatening if not treated promptly, potentially leading to septicaemia (blood poisoning), brain damage, or nerve damage.(London Travel Clinic)
Types of Meningitis
Meningitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, often transmitted through coughing, sneezing, or close contact. People can carry these pathogens in their nose or throat without showing symptoms, unknowingly spreading them to others.(London Travel Clinic)
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Bacterial Meningitis: Less common but more severe, with a fatality rate of approximately 10%. There are 12 identified groups of bacterial meningitis, with groups B, C, W, and Y historically being the most common in the UK.
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Viral Meningitis: More common and usually less severe, often resolving without specific treatment.(London Travel Clinic)
Who Is at Risk?
While anyone can contract meningitis, certain groups are at higher risk:
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Infants and young children
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Teenagers and young adults
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Individuals with weakened immune systems
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Travellers to regions where meningitis is prevalent, such as sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Middle East(London Travel Clinic)
Transmission typically requires close or prolonged contact with an infected person.(London Travel Clinic)
Recognising the Symptoms
Early symptoms of meningitis can be non-specific and flu-like, making early detection challenging. Key symptoms include:(London Travel Clinic)
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High fever (above 38°C)
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Severe headache
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Stiff neck
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Nausea and vomiting
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Sensitivity to light
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Drowsiness or difficulty waking
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Seizures
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Cold hands and feet
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Pale or mottled skin
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Rapid breathing
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A distinctive purplish rash that doesn’t fade when pressed
If you or someone else exhibits these symptoms, seek immediate medical attention.
Treatment Options
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Bacterial Meningitis: Requires urgent hospitalisation and intravenous antibiotics. Supportive treatments may include oxygen therapy and fluids.
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Viral Meningitis: Often less severe and may resolve without specific treatment. Supportive care includes rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers.
Prevention Through Vaccination
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent certain types of meningitis. In the UK, the following vaccines are available:
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MenACWY Vaccine: Protects against meningococcal groups A, C, W, and Y. Recommended for teenagers, first-time university students, and travellers to high-risk areas.
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MenB Vaccine: Protects against meningococcal group B. Offered to infants as part of the NHS routine immunisation schedule.
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MMR Vaccine: Protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, which can cause viral meningitis.
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Hib and Pneumococcal Vaccines: Protect against other bacteria that can cause meningitis.(London Travel Clinic)
For travellers, especially those visiting the “meningitis belt” in sub-Saharan Africa or attending mass gatherings like the Hajj or Umrah in Saudi Arabia, the MenACWY vaccine is often required. It’s essential to receive the vaccine at least 10 days before travel, as proof of vaccination may be necessary for entry. (London Travel Clinic)
Travel Advice
If you’re planning to travel to areas where meningitis is common:
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Consult a travel health clinic at least 6–8 weeks before departure.
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Ensure all routine vaccinations are up to date.
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Consider additional vaccines based on your destination and activities.
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Practice good hygiene and avoid close contact with individuals who are unwell.
For more information or to book a vaccination appointment, visit our online booking page.(London Travel Clinic)
Article last reviewed on 14/05/2025 by:
Denise Chalkley RN, RM, RHV, BSc, AMFTM RCPS (Glas)
Clinical & Operations Director for Travel Medicine
Denise is an associate member of the Faculty of Travel Medicine, and a freelance lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons in Glasgow for the Faculty of Travel Medicine. She also lectures at the University of Hertfordshire teaching immunisations, tuberculosis, sexual health and travel medicine.
